AFP |
Fifty years ago Britain separated the Chagos Islands from its colony Mauritius, expelling the entire population to make way for the installation of a US military base that is today highly strategic. Britain’s 1965 acquisition of the Indian Ocean archipelago has been disputed ever since, with Mauritius demanding its return. As the UN’s International Court of Justice (ICJ) in The Hague holds hearings on the case from Monday, here is some background.
Indian Ocean Colony
Located several hundred kilometers (miles) south of the Maldives, the Chagos Islands were discovered by Portuguese explorers in the 16th century but remained uninhabited until they were colonized by France in the 18th century. African slaves were shipped in to cultivate coconuts and copra.
Chagos islanders living in Mauritius launched legal proceedings in 1975 against their expulsion, resulting in a 1982 payment of £4 million in compensation along with land valued at £1 million.
In 1814 the archipelago of around 55 islands was given to Britain, which is 1903 merged them with Mauritius, around 2,000 kilometers to the southwest. After the abolition of slavery in 1834, Indian workers arrived and mixed with the first settlers. Only three of the islands were inhabited: Diego Garcia, the largest, and Salomon and Peros Banhos.
Detached from Mauritius
In 1965 Britain detached the islands from Mauritius, then a semi-autonomous British territory, using decolonization talks as leverage and paying £3 million pounds for them at the time. This meant that when Mauritius obtained independence three years later, the islands remained under British control, renamed British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT).
In 1966 Britain leased the Chagos Islands to the United States for 50 years, so that it could set up a military base. In 2016 the deal was extended to 2036. Between 1968 and 1973 around 2,000 Chagos islanders were evicted, a process described in a British diplomatic cable at the time as the removal of “some few Tarzans and Man Fridays”.
Read more: The Price of US Global Dominance – Numerous Human Losses
Most were shipped to Mauritius and Seychelles. Citing security reasons, the British authorities have since banned all visits to the islands without a special authorization, making it impossible for Chagossians to return. Mauritius argues it was illegal for Britain to break up its territory. It claims sovereignty over the archipelago and demands the right to resettle former residents.
Strategic Military Base
The Diego Garcia base became of major strategic importance to Britain and the US during the Cold War. It offered proximity to Asia as the Khmer Rouge takeover of Cambodia diminished Washington’s military capabilities in the region, while an assertive Soviet navy was extending communist influence in the Indian Ocean.
Diplomatic cables revealed by WikiLeaks quoted a British official as saying the plan “put paid to the resettlement claims of the archipelago’s former residents.”
After the 1979 Iranian revolution, the United States expanded the base to receive more warships and heavy bombers. In recent years it served as a staging ground for US bombing campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq.
Islanders take Action
Chagos islanders living in Mauritius launched legal proceedings in 1975 against their expulsion, resulting in a 1982 payment of £4 million in compensation along with land valued at £1 million. There were no reparations for islanders settled in Seychelles. In 2007 a British appeals court paved the way for Chagossians to return home but its decision was annulled by the upper House of Lords the following year.
Read more: Strategic competition among emerging powers in Indian Ocean
In 2016 the British government confirmed its opposition to the resettlement of Chagossians, including for reasons of defense, security, and cost. Today around 10,000 Chagossians and their descendants are divided among Mauritius, Seychelles, and Britain.
Marine Reserve Fiasco
In 2010 Britain declared the islands part of a Marine Protected Area, arguing that people should not be permitted to live there. Diplomatic cables revealed by WikiLeaks quoted a British official as saying the plan “put paid to the resettlement claims of the archipelago’s former residents.” The move backfired as a UN tribunal declared it illegal in 2015.
© Agence France-Presse