The sultanate of Oman, positioned geographically and diplomatically between the rival powers of Iran and Saudi Arabia, earned outsize influence under the long reign of the late Sultan Qaboos.
As the health of the royal ruler declined, and speculation turned to who would succeed him in the absence of an heir, there were questions over the future of Oman and its role as a valued mediator in a troubled region.
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However, with the passing of the 79-year-old sultan on Friday and the swift appointment of like-minded cousin Haitham bin Tariq as his successor, observers say Oman appears on track to retain its treasured status as a neutral peacemaker.
To do so though, the new sultan will need to navigate tricky geopolitical terrain as well as address economic challenges facing his own country.
During his half-century reign, Sultan Qaboos thoroughly modernized his country but also forged a broader role as a go-between in regional and international crises.
Apart from guiding Oman’s foreign policy, Haitham also faces the task of rolling out “Vision 2040”, a roadmap for social and economic reforms
In the high-stakes Iran nuclear crisis, Oman played a discreet role in the dialogue between Tehran and Washington, leading to the 2015 deal involving Western powers, which three years later was unilaterally abandoned by US President Donald Trump.
In his first speech on Saturday, the new sultan pledged to follow in the footsteps of his influential predecessor.
He expressed support for “our country’s foreign policy of peaceful living among nations and peoples… and not interfering in the internal affairs of others”.
And he said that Oman would continue to “promote peaceful solutions” to regional and global crises.
Smooth succession
Sultan Qaboos was unmarried and had no apparent heir, meaning that the succession was decided in a meeting of the royal family who opted to open a sealed letter Qaboos had prepared, detailing his preference.
The speed of the transition is seen as a sign that 65-year-old Haitham has the backing he will need to steer the country and maintain its diplomatic standing.
“The sultanate of Oman will no doubt continue to follow the same policy, from which it has benefited so much,” said Bader al-Saif, an assistant professor at the University of Kuwait and an associate researcher at the Carnegie Middle East Center.
New sultan of Oman expected to remain neutral in Middle East https://t.co/6CR6OwE9dW
— The St. Catharines Standard (@StCatStandard) January 12, 2020
The royal family’s prompt announcement is a “message to its citizens and neighbors to say that the situation is under control”.
Apart from guiding Oman’s foreign policy, Haitham also faces the task of rolling out “Vision 2040”, a roadmap for social and economic reforms designed to address high deficits, international debt, and youth unemployment.
“The best guarantor of Oman’s neutrality will be a successful economic restructuring that draws upon its people and avoids too much reliance on any other power,” said Kristin Diwan of the Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington.
Warring powers
Sultan Qaboos, slight in stature but usually resplendent in sumptuous robes and colorful turbans, was synonymous with Oman’s international profile and many of the tributes since his passing have struck a warm and personal note.
British Prime Minister Boris Johnson, who visited Muscat Sunday to pay his respects, recalled a meeting with Qaboos where he was “struck by his commitment to peace and understanding between nations and between faiths”.
Read more: New Oman ruler chosen by agreement, or secret letter
Iran’s Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif said Saturday in a tweet – notably written in Arabic – that his death was a “loss for the region”.
Along with Zarif and Johnson, a ceremony on Sunday at Muscat’s Alam Palace drew figures from across political divides in the Middle East, including Abu Dhabi’s Crown Prince Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed and Qatar’s Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al-Thani.
The new sultan also welcomed Britain’s Prince Charles, former French leader Nicolas Sarkozy, and Tunisian President Kais Saied, among others.
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But observers say that despite his personal profile, Oman’s diplomatic expertise and its willingness to provide a discreet venue for delicate negotiations go well beyond Qaboos.
In a region where the push and pull between Iran and Saudi Arabia is constant, analysts say it is also in Oman’s own interests to signal the transition does not present an opportunity for one of the powers to pull it to its side.
The new sultan has an “interest to present himself as someone who is going to… continue the legacy of a leader, such as Qaboos, who was considered to be successful,” said Sanam Vakil from the London-based Chatham House think tank.
Read more: Death of Sultan Qaboos: Will Oman’s role change in the region?
“The message of continuity is very important because Oman faces economic vulnerabilities as well as challenges within the (Gulf) with anxieties about the past few years, where we’ve seen a very assertive Emirati and Saudi foreign policy.”
The new sultan takes power at a time when an aggressive foreign policy, which has seen Saudi and its ally the United Arab Emirates embroiled in a grinding five-year conflict in Yemen, is showing signs of dialing back.
Oman refrained from joining the Saudi-led coalition fighting Iran-backed Huthi rebels in Yemen and leveraged that neutrality to mediate the release of foreign hostages.
Who was Oman's Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Said? https://t.co/Hz3O8IE6KI pic.twitter.com/oZD7BHhwqi
— Al Jazeera English (@AJEnglish) January 11, 2020
It also remained neutral in the damaging blockade against Qatar mounted by Saudi Arabia and allies that saw diplomatic and transport ties cut in June 2017.
“There is a strong rationale for balance and neutrality, rooted in its geography looking toward the Arabian Sea and history of independence from Gulf neighbors,” Diwan said.
“The new leadership will draw strongly upon Sultan Qaboos’ authority as it looks to navigate the difficult regional conflicts and economic challenges.”
AFP with additional input by GVS news desk