In its 150 years of operations, the Suez Canal has been through wars and high-stakes power struggles as it imposed itself as a vital international waterway.
On the anniversary of its lavish opening ceremony on November 17, 1869, here is a look back at key dates in its history.
One hundred and fifty years after the Suez Canal opened, the international waterway is hugely significant to the economy of modern-day Egypt, which nationalised it in 1956 https://t.co/qTRgvGOZDt pic.twitter.com/T1EaPHtPoO
— AFP News Agency (@AFP) November 11, 2019
4,000 years ago
As far back as the 19th century BC, a canal existed between the Red Sea and a section of the Nile River which links to the Mediterranean.
Dugout during the reign of Pharaoh Sesostris III, it could only be navigated during the wet season and required regular dredging. It was eventually abandoned in the eighth century AD.
Read more: Oceans drenched in oil: Iran oil tanker breaks down in the Red Sea
From the 16th century various plans were explored to build a navigable waterway between the Mediterranean and Red Sea, essentially providing a shortcut between Europe and Asia.
1859: construction starts
In a breakthrough in 1854, French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps persuaded the new Egyptian ruler, Said Pasha, to grant him a concession to construct a canal from the Red Sea’s Gulf of Suez to the Mediterranean.
https://twitter.com/historylvrsclub/status/1186014722367381506
De Lesseps founded the Suez Canal Company in 1855 and the work was financed through the sale of shares, half of which were bought by the Egyptian ruler.
Digging began in 1859, at first by labourers using picks and shovels, and later with steam- and coal-powered machinery. It involved about 60,000 workers.
1869: grandiose opening
The canal was opened on November 17, 1869 in a grandiose ceremony at Port Said attended by European dignitaries including Napoleon III’s wife, Empress Eugenie de Montijo.
Read more: Egyptian ultras: Down but not out
In November 1875 an indebted Said Pasha sold his shares to the British government, with French shareholders retaining the rest.
1888: goes international
Amid tussles for control, major powers signed in 1888 the Constantinople Convention that gave the waterway international status and open to all ships in times of war and peace. Egypt was not a signatory.
The provision was not always respected, including during the two World Wars.
October 29, 1888
The Convention of Constantinople is signed, guaranteeing free maritime passage through the Suez Canal during war and peace.— History Calendar (@historycalendar) October 29, 2019
1956: Suez Crisis
On July 26, 1956 Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser took the world by surprise by nationalising the canal to help finance construction of the Aswan Dam on the Nile.
It sparked the Suez Crisis in which Britain, France and Israel — who feared the vital waterway could be cut off — colluded to attack Egypt.
Israel invaded the Gaza Strip and Sinai peninsula in October; two days later French and British air raids destroyed part of Egypt’s air force.
Read more: Blast at Egypt mosque kills more than 230 people
Nasser retaliated in November by sinking all 40 ships in the canal, which was closed until early 1957.
As the tensions soared, Britain and then France ceded, and fighting abruptly ended after 10 days.
The canal was reopened on March 29, 1957 under Egyptian control.
1967: closed by wars
Egypt closed it again in June 1967 during the Six-Day War when Israeli troops invaded Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula and reached the east bank of the canal.
What do we learn in school? Did you know the Suez Canal was blocked at both ends from 1967 to 1975 after the Six Day War?
— igiriwM@ 🇰🇪 (@Mwirigi) September 24, 2016
It remained closed during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, when Egyptian forces crossed the canal in a bid to retake the Sinai. The Israeli army repelled the attack with a counter-crossing.
The war ended with a UN-backed ceasefire.
1974: returned to Egypt
Talks resulted in a military disengagement deal in January 1974 that saw Israeli forces pull back from the canal, which returned to Egyptian control.
Read more: 25 years after deal, peace between Israel and Jordan is crumbling
After 15 months of demining work, it reopened to international shipping on June 5, 1975.
2015: expansion
On August 6, 2015 President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi officially opened a new route along the canal after work in which part of the existing waterway was widened and deepened.
The expansion is intended to cut the waiting times and double the number of ships using the canal to around 97 per day by 2023.
AFP with additional input by GVS News Desk.