Electric Car Fires: Understanding the Statistics and Safety Concerns
Introduction:
The increasing prominence of electric vehicles (EVs) on UK roads has sparked a debate about their safety, particularly in relation to fires. While EV fires command more attention due to their newsworthy nature and unique characteristics, it is important to examine the statistics surrounding these incidents, understand how fire crews handle them, and assess the overall safety of electric cars.
Electric Car Fire Statistics UK:
According to Honeywell Safety and Productivity Solutions, there were 239 recorded EV fires in the UK from July 2022 to June 2023, representing an 83% increase compared to the previous year. However, it is crucial to note that this increase aligns with the growing presence of EVs on the roads. In comparison, there were 1898 fires from petrol and diesel vehicles in 2019, with only 54 reported EV fires. Furthermore, a study by the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency found that EVs are 20 times less likely to catch fire than internal combustion engine (ICE) cars.
Why Electric Car Fires Draw Attention:
Electric car fires attract significant attention for several reasons. Firstly, the technology is still relatively new and captures public interest. Additionally, these fires are complex and often accompanied by toxic vapour clouds, hissing noises, and highly directional jets, which can lead to explosions. The difficulty in extinguishing these fires adds to their notoriety, as they can reignite hours, days, or even weeks later.
How Fire Crews Deal with EV Fires:
Fire services are adapting their strategies to effectively handle EV fires. For example, the Bedfordshire Fire and Rescue Service follows recovery vehicles back to their yards after an incident involving an EV to assist with any potential fires. Additionally, they have developed a system that helps identify the model of EV involved and locate its battery and isolation switches. When dealing with an EV fire, fire crews typically use large amounts of water to cool the battery pack, although this may not prevent the fire from reigniting. They also employ fire blankets to suppress the flames and provide breathing equipment to protect firefighters from toxic vapour clouds. Alternatively, some fires are left to burn themselves out, as attempting to suffocate them with inert gases is ineffective. After containment, the burnt-out EV must be removed and stored in a compound away from buildings and other vehicles.
The Safety of Electric Cars:
Despite the attention surrounding EV fires, experts emphasize that electric cars are generally safe. Paul Christensen, a professor of pure and applied electrochemistry at Newcastle University and senior advisor to the National Fire Chiefs Council, reassures the public about EV fire safety while acknowledging the need for awareness. Christensen highlights that lithium-ion batteries, which power EVs, store a significant amount of energy in a small space. The risks associated with these batteries have outpaced our understanding, but efforts are being made to catch up. Christensen has been working to improve EV fire risk awareness among first responders and has presented to various fire services worldwide.
The Risks of Thermal Runaway:
Christensen explains that thermal runaway, a phenomenon where heat and gases fuel escalating temperatures and further gas production within a battery pack, poses a risk for EV fires. The energy stored in lithium-ion batteries can escape uncontrollably during thermal runaway, leading to burning and bursting cells. This process produces toxic vapour clouds and increases the risk of deflagration. Once thermal runaway begins, no battery management system or circuit breaker can stop it. Christensen emphasizes the importance of cautious handling of damaged battery packs, as even a dent can pose a danger.
Addressing EV Safety Concerns:
To address EV safety concerns, Christensen suggests considering safety risks in places where electric vehicles are commonly found, such as underground car parks and bus depots. He points out that several bus depots in Germany have experienced fires, highlighting the need for appropriate precautions. Christensen also expresses concerns about classic cars being converted to run on used lithium-ion batteries, as their safety remains uncertain. He stresses the importance of collaboration and research to enhance our understanding of lithium-ion battery safety.
Conclusion:
While the news coverage of EV fires may cause alarm, understanding the statistics and safety measures in place can provide reassurance. The increasing presence of EVs on the road has led to a rise in reported fires, but they remain less common than fires involving petrol and diesel vehicles. Fire crews are adapting their strategies to effectively handle EV fires, and experts are working to raise awareness and enhance safety protocols. Despite the risks associated with thermal runaway, electric cars offer numerous benefits that outweigh the small incidence of fires. By improving our understanding and implementing appropriate safety measures, we can continue to enjoy the advantages of electric vehicles while mitigating potential risks.