Ever since Bill Clinton visited 20 years ago, India-US relations have warmed politically, economically and strategically. But niggling differences remain, particularly over trade.
Ahead of US President Donald Trump’s first official visit to the world’s biggest democracy starting Monday looks at the main areas of agreement and discord with Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s government.
Talk economy
India is the world’s fifth-largest economy, according to the International Monetary Fund, ahead of Britain and France, and will become the planet’s most populous country by 2027, the UN projects.
US-India trade volumes ballooned to more than $140 billion in 2018 from $19 billion in 2000, according to the US government, although volumes exchanged with China are more than five times larger.
India-US relations are very critical for both countries and PM Modi should prioritise the nation's sovereignty, self-respect and interest. The tour should enable further partnerships & co-operation and should not be limited to photo ops.#मोदी_पहले_देश_का_सोचो pic.twitter.com/2NvfBEf6UU
— Congress (@INCIndia) February 23, 2020
The Indian diaspora in the US is estimated at four million and they are major contributors in Silicon Valley in particular. The chief executives of Microsoft and Google were both born in India.
During Trump’s visit, India may agree to the sale of five nuclear reactors, the fruit of a landmark but contentious atomic deal signed under then leaders George W. Bush and Manmohan Singh in the 2000s.
Trade tussle
Even though the US trade deficit with India fell from $30 billion in 2016 to $25 billion in 2018 — the gap with China is 15 times larger — it is too big for Trump who has called India the “tariff king”.
“They’ve been hitting us very, very hard for many, many years,” Trump said before his trip.
Trump in 2018 imposed tariffs on steel and aluminum from India and elsewhere, and last year suspended India’s duty-free privileges under the decades-old US Generalized System of Preferences program.
Read more: Trump in the air for India with expectations at home and abroad
Modi, whose “Make in India” mantra mirrors Trump’s “America First” slogan, responded by hiking import duties on US farm produce such as almonds. In this month’s budget, it raised other tariffs.
The tussle means that efforts to reach a comprehensive trade deal are doomed, at least during Trump’s visit, although they may reach a smaller agreement.
Plans to force foreign firms to store Indian consumers’ data locally have also irked US businesses, as have e-commerce regulations hitting firms such as Amazon and Walmart.
Eye on China
The US and India share a mistrust of China. India and China fought a short war in 1962 and in 2017 they had a tense military standoff over the disputed Himalayan territory of Doklam.
Washington and New Delhi have been worried by China’s growing clout in the Indian Ocean, while China has enraged India with its economic and diplomatic support for arch-enemy Pakistan.
India-US relations have been growing strongly & have become more comprehensive: @VivekKatju, Former Secretary, MEA tells Rahul Shivshankar on INDIA UPFRONT Special Edition. | #ModiTrumpSummit pic.twitter.com/2JqcJB7t4l
— TIMES NOW (@TimesNow) February 22, 2020
In 2016, the US designated India as a “Major Defense Partner” and last year they signed a deal easing the transfer of advanced weaponry and the sharing of encrypted military communications.
Trump and Modi will reportedly sign around $3 billion worth of defense deals including for 24 anti-submarine navy helicopters and will discuss a $1.9-billion missile defense shield for the capital.
However, Russia, New Delhi’s Cold War ally, remains India’s biggest armaments supplier and Modi agreed in 2018 with President Vladimir Putin a $5.4-billion deal to buy Moscow’s S-400 missile defense system.
A US decision on whether to impose sanctions on India, as a result, is outstanding, something that would dramatically worsen relations between the two countries.
Kashmir
Another irritant for Modi would be if Trump repeats his offer to mediate between India and Pakistan over their long-running dispute over Kashmir that a year ago again sent them close to war.
Similarly, Modi will not like hearing any criticism over India’s move in August to revoke the partial autonomy of Indian Kashmir, and impose a security and communications lockdown.
Read more: Why Trump is Not Signing any Trade Deal with India
Any allusion by Trump to new citizenship legislation criticized as anti-Muslim and which has prompted weeks of protests and unease abroad might also go down badly.
A senior US administration official said Trump would indeed raise concerns about religious freedom, “which is extremely important to this administration”.
AFP with additional input by GVS News Desk